Biological phenomena are so complex that they can be logically explained only in the light of evolution. Evolution therefore has to be brought into picture while studying any aspect of zoology, namely, anatomy, embryology, cytology or physiology. The fact that animals and plants change and do not remain static during the course of time is the backbone of evolutionary reasoning.
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Entomology is the science of studying insects that constitute about 75% of the animal kingdom as far as the number of species is concerned. They are ubiquitous and highly diversified creatures and hence are an interesting subject of study.
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Wildlife involves the study of wild undomesticated animals and plants living in their natural habitats and their ecological interactions. Due to the destructions of forests, a large number of animals and plants have become endangered and their conservation has become of utmost importance.
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Applied Entomology deals with both destructive and useful insects, namely, productive insects such as honey bee and silk worm, whose products can be directly used by man, pollinators such as bees, wasps and butterflies and parasites of the noxious pests of agriculture and control of the pests of agriculture, forestry, orchards, livestock as well as vectors of diseases such as housefly, mosquito, flea etc.
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Ecology is a science of the study of organisms living in an environment and interacting with it and among themselves. It gives importance to both living and non-living components that affect each other.
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Non-chordates are animals without a notochord. They are the most abundant and diversified of all animals living or extinct. That makes their study the most fascinating one.
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Systematics is the study of the diversity of animals and plants and their evolutionary relationships. Taxonomy deals with the classification of organisms and giving them scientific names and categorizing them on scietific basis.
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Zoogeographyis the study of distribution of animals and plants on our planet, which occur in different regions of the world in a distinct pattern. The distribution of some animal species is so peculiar that it is difficult to explain their occurrence in a particular region. Zoogeography attempts to understand the complexities as well as the simplicity in the distribution of animals in the light of evolutionary and environmental influences.
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Comparative Anatomy is to make a comparative study of the anatomy of an organ in different groups of vertebrates and try to derive the evolutionary significance from it, and to understand as to why an organ evolved the way it is present now. The following chapters are given here.
A variety of instruments and techniques are used in biological studies, some of them are quite complex in nature. Scientific progress is directly related to the advancement in techniques and modern instruments. A knowledge of their working principles is necessary to make optimal use of them. The following instruments are described here.
