A variety of instruments and techniques are used in biological studies, some of them are quite complex in nature. Scientific progress is directly related to the advancement in techniques and modern instruments. A knowledge of their working principles is necessary to make optimal use of them. The following instruments are described here.
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Spectrophotometer
Gel Electrophoresis
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
ELISA
Blotting techniques
FISH (Fluorescent in situ Hybridization)
Chromosome painting
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Microtomy